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In the stock market, F&O (Futures and Options) are two popular instruments that allow investors to trade contracts rather than actual stocks. F&O trading offers flexibility and the potential for profit, but it comes with risks.
If you’re new to these terms, don’t worry. This blog explains what F&O is, how futures and options work, and who should consider investing in them.
What are Futures?
Futures are contracts used in trading where two parties agree to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price on a specified future date. Imagine you and someone else making a deal today to purchase something, like shares of a company. The actual exchange of money and the asset will happen later, on a date you both agree upon. This kind of trading is common with not just stocks but also commodities like oil, gold, and even major market indexes.
How Futures Work
One important thing to understand about futures is that when you enter into a futures contract, you’re not immediately buying or selling the actual asset. Instead, you’re making a commitment to do so at a future time. For example, if you think the price of a stock will rise in the future, you can buy a futures contract now, locking in the current price. If the price goes up, you can profit by selling the contract later for more than you paid. However, if the price goes down, you may face losses.
Uses of Futures
Investors can use futures to either mitigate risks or speculate on price movements. Businesses also use futures to lock in prices for raw materials they need, ensuring they don’t pay more if prices increase. While futures can offer big rewards, they can also lead to significant losses, so it’s important to understand how they work before trading them.
What are Options?
Options are financial contracts offering trading flexibility. Unlike futures, which require you to buy or sell an asset at a pre-determined price on a specific date, options allow you to choose whether to execute the trade. This will enable you to buy or sell stocks, commodities, or other assets whenever you choose.
Risk Management
With options, your risk is limited to the amount you paid for the option, known as the premium. If the market doesn’t move in your favour, you can let the option expire, and your loss is only the premium paid. This makes options a safer choice compared to other trading instruments, as they provide the opportunity for profit with controlled risk.
Strategy Customisation
Options also allow you to tailor strategies to your market outlook, whether you expect prices to rise, fall, or remain stable. By using various types of options, such as calls and puts, you can create strategies that align with your investment goals and risk tolerance.
Types of Futures
Different types of Futures are:
1. Stock Futures
These involve agreements to buy or sell shares of a specific company at a set price on a future date. Investors use them to speculate on stock price movements or hedge against potential losses.
2. Index Futures
These are contracts based on stock market indices like the Nifty 50. Instead of buying individual stocks, you’re trading the overall performance of a market segment.
3. Commodity Futures
These involve physical goods like gold, oil, or agricultural products. Traders use these to lock in prices, protecting against future price changes.
Types of Options
Different types of Options are:
1. Call Options
This type grants you the right to purchase an asset at a set price before a specified date. If the asset’s price increases, you can buy it at a lower price, potentially earning a profit.
2. Put Options
This type gives you the right to sell an asset at a specific price before a certain date. If the asset’s price falls, you can sell it at a higher price, again aiming for a profit.
3. Stock Options
These allow you to buy or sell a company’s stock. They are commonly used by employees as part of their compensation packages or by investors seeking to profit from stock movements.
Each type of futures and options offers different ways to manage risk, speculate on market movements, or invest strategically.
Understanding Turnover in Futures Trading
Turnover in futures trading refers to the total number of contracts traded or the total monetary value of those contracts over a particular period. It acts as an indicator of liquidity and market activity.
- Turnover Volume: The total number of contracts traded within a particular time period. High turnover volume means higher market activity and liquidity, making entering or exiting positions more comfortable.
- Turnover Value: The total monetary value of the contracts traded, calculated by multiplying the number of contracts by the price of each contract. It reflects the financial scale of trading activity.
Usually, higher turnover means a more liquid market, lowering the cost of entering or exiting positions. This leads to more precise pricing and better market efficiency.
Understanding Turnover in Options Trading
In the context of options trading, “turnover” typically refers to the total value of trades or the volume of contracts bought and sold over a particular period. It shows the level of activity or liquidity in the market.
- Turnover Volume: The number of options contracts traded within a given period.
- Turnover Value: The total monetary value of those contracts traded. This is calculated by multiplying the number of contracts by the price of the options.
High turnover in options suggests greater liquidity, indicating it’s easier to buy or sell options without impacting their price too much. On the other hand, low turnover could mean lower liquidity and higher bid-ask spreads.
Differences between futures and options
| Aspect | Futures | Options |
| Obligation | You are obligated to buy or sell the asset at the agreed price on the future date. | You have the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the asset. |
| Risk | It can be exercised at any point before the expiration date. | It is a lower risk, as you can choose not to exercise the option, limiting losses to the premium paid. |
| Cost | No upfront payment is required, but you need to maintain a margin. | Requires an upfront payment called a premium. |
| Potential Profit/Loss | Unlimited profit or loss based on market movements. | Profit potential is unlimited, but loss is limited to the premium paid. |
| Expiration | Must be settled on the contract’s expiration date. | It must be settled on the contract’s expiration date. |
| Use in Hedging | Often used by companies to lock in prices for future transactions. | Commonly used by investors to protect against potential losses in other investments. |
How to Calculate Turnover in F&O
The total turnover in Futures and Options (F&O) trading refers to the combined value of all the transactions conducted in futures and options markets during a particular period. Here’s how to calculate turnover in F&O:
Total Turnover = Turnover from Futures + Turnover from Options
Example of Total Turnover:
Let’s assume the following:
- Futures: You bought 10 futures contracts of a stock at ₹2000 each, and the lot size is 100 shares.
Turnover from Futures = 10×2,000×100×2 = ₹4,000,000 - Options: You bought 5 option contracts, each with a premium of ₹100 and a lot size of 100 shares.
Turnover from Options = 5×100×100×2 = ₹100,000
Total Turnover = ₹4,000,000 (from Futures) + ₹100,000 (from Options) = ₹4,100,000
Therefore, the total turnover would be ₹4,100,000.
Who Should Invest in Futures and Options?
Futures and options (F&O) trading is tailored for investors with different goals, from experienced traders and risk-takers to those seeking to protect their investments.
Experienced Traders
- Futures and options (F&O) trading is ideal for those who have experience in the stock market. If you know how to read market trends and can make informed predictions, F&O can be a powerful tool.
- It’s important to understand the market deeply because F&O trading can be complex and fast-paced.
- Experienced traders often use F&O to leverage their knowledge and make strategic investments.
Risk-Takers
- F&O trading might be suitable if you’re comfortable taking on higher risks. While the potential for high returns exists, so does the chance for significant losses.
- You need to be ready to handle the ups and downs of the market without panicking. If you enjoy taking calculated risks, F&O is an exciting opportunity.
Hedgers
- F&O is also useful for those who want to protect their investments. If you own a lot of stocks and worry about market declines, you can use options to hedge your risks.
- For instance, buying a put option allows you to sell your stocks at a set price, even if the market drops. This approach helps you minimise potential losses while keeping your investments intact.
Conclusion
Futures and options are advanced financial instruments that offer profit opportunities, but they also come with significant risks. Understanding the difference between the two and knowing who should invest in them is crucial for success.
Whether you’re looking to hedge your investments or take advantage of market fluctuations, F&O trading requires a solid understanding of the market and careful planning. If you’re new to this, start small and gradually build your knowledge. F&O can be a valuable addition to your investment strategy when used wisely.
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